for architecture by architects
The rules of architecture and architectural design principles are essential components of creating successful and impactful buildings and spaces. The rules of architecture provide a set of guidelines and standards that govern design’s technical and functional aspects. These rules encompass factors such as structural integrity, building codes, safety regulations, and construction techniques. It ensures that …
Africa is a continent of diverse cultures, landscapes, and histories. Its architecture reflects this richness and variety, from ancient monuments to modern masterpieces. Architectural landmarks in Africa showcase its iconic and innovative design and connection to its environment and heritage. They also represent different architectural styles, such as the ancient Egyptian, the Sahelian, and the …
Australia has a rich and diverse architectural heritage, from ancient Indigenous structures to modern marvels. Australia’s most famous architectural landmarks reflect its history, culture, identity, natural beauty, and innovation. The most popular architectural style in Australia is Victorian, named after Queen Victoria, who ruled Britain from 1837 to 1901. It is grouped into three periods: …
Notre Dame Cathedral Paris, also known as Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, is a masterpiece of Gothic architecture in France. It stands on the eastern end of the Île de la Cité, a small island in the Seine River. The cathedral was built over two centuries, starting in 1163 and ending in 1345. It replaced two …
The architectural landscape of Asia features a tapestry of designs that span centuries and encompass a wide range of styles, purposes, and cultural significance. In India, the Taj Mahal symbolizes enduring love and architectural perfection. Angkor Wat in Cambodia, the largest religious monument in the world, showcases classical Khmer architecture with Hindu and Buddhist influences. …
The Forbidden City is a historic palace complex in the heart of Beijing, China. It was the home of 24 Chinese emperors and their courts from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty. It is also known as the Palace Museum, which houses many ancient artworks and cultural relics. The Forbidden City …
The Acropolis of Athens, a symbol of ancient Greek civilization, stands as a monumental complex atop a rocky hill in Athens. Built primarily during Athens’s Golden Age from 461 to 429 BC, it consists of several temples and buildings celebrating the goddess Athena and displaying the cultural and architectural prowess of Classical Athens. The Acropolis …
The Shard in London, also known as the Shard of Glass, Shard London Bridge, and formerly London Bridge Tower, is an architectural and engineering marvel. It is the tallest building in the United Kingdom and the European Union, at 1,016 feet (309.6 meters). The Shard’s architecture is a blend of contemporary modernism with postmodern elements. …
The White House in Washington, D.C., represents more than just the residence of the U.S. President. It symbolizes the Presidency, the American government, and the people of the United States. Since 1800, starting with President John Adams, it has housed all U.S. presidents. The building’s history reflects American history itself. The White House, located on …
The Sydney Opera House, situated on Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbour, is a globally known performing arts center symbolizing Australia’s cultural identity. Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, the construction began in 1959 and was completed in 1973 under Australian architects Peter Hall, David Littlemore, and Lionel Todd. The architectural style most prominently featured in …
The Flatiron Building, situated at 175 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, is an iconic and distinctive skyscraper that stands as one of New York City’s most recognizable landmarks. Completed in 1902, it was initially known as the Fuller Building, designed in the Beaux-Arts style by the renowned Chicago architect Daniel Burnham. Designed in the Beaux-Arts style, …
Fallingwater, designed by the famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935, is a remarkable architectural landmark. Fallingwater was conceived as a weekend home for the Kaufmann family, integrating with a 30-foot waterfall. The architectural style prominently showcased in Fallingwater is Organic Architecture, a concept developed and refined by Frank Lloyd Wright. The house grows …
Neuschwanstein Castle, located in southwest Bavaria, Germany, stands as a testament to the romantic imagination of King Ludwig II. Commissioned in 1868 and designed by scene painter Christian Jank under Ludwig’s visionary guidance, the castle embodies the Romanesque Revival architectural style. This 19th-century palace near Hohenschwangau and Füssen is a grand homage to medieval knighthood, …
Hagia Sophia is a historical and architectural landmark in Istanbul, Turkey. The Byzantine emperor Justinian I built it as a Christian basilica in the 6th century. It is considered the most important Byzantine structure in the world and one of its great monuments. Hagia Sophia has a unique history that reflects Istanbul’s cultural and religious …
Big Ben is the nickname of the great bell inside the clock tower of the Palace of Westminster in London, England. The clock tower, officially called Elizabeth Tower, is one of London’s most iconic landmarks and a symbol of British culture and history. It was built in 1859 as part of the reconstruction of the …
The architectural landmarks of Europe offer a fascinating journey through history, innovation, and cultural identity. The Eiffel Tower in Paris represents a quintessential example of late 19th-century modern metal construction. The Colosseum in Rome stands as a testament to Roman architectural prowess. Barcelona’s Sagrada Familia showcases Antoni Gaudí’s blend of Gothic and Catalan Modernisme architecture. …
The Empire State Building, a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in New York City, was the world’s tallest building for nearly 40 years after its completion in 1931. Nearby, the White House in Washington, D.C., built between 1792 and 1800, is an excellent example of late Georgian-style architecture. Across the country, the Golden Gate Bridge in …
Architecture fundamentals encompass various concepts and practices essential to the field. The process starts with concept and idea generation, where architects explore different design possibilities through various techniques like site analyses, spatial adjacency matrices, case studies, sketching, and model-making, considering client needs and aspirations. Defining physical space is central, focusing on tangible, three-dimensional areas within …
Angkor Wat is a temple complex in Cambodia built in the 12th century by King Suryavarman II. It is the world’s largest religious structure, covering some 400 acres (160 hectares), and marks the high point of Khmer architecture. Angkor Wat is also a symbol of Cambodian national identity and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The …
The Parthenon is a famous temple on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece, built between 447 and 432 BCE. Designed in the Doric architectural style by Iktinos and Kallikrates, it featured a sculptural program by Phidias. Originally housing a giant statue of Athena, the Parthenon is acclaimed for its Doric columns and optical refinements. Over time, …
The Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, a cultural hub in Manhattan, New York, was built from 1959 to 1966 and funded by a consortium led by John D. Rockefeller III. The complex features a variety of architectural styles, with modernism being the most prominent. Key buildings include the Metropolitan Opera House by Wallace K. …
La Sagrada Familia or simply Sagrada Familia is a famous Roman Catholic minor basilica in Barcelona, Spain. It is one of the most visited landmarks in the city, attracting millions of tourists every year. The basilica is known for its unique and artistic design, created by the popular architect Antoni Gaudí. The construction of La …
The Dome of the Rock is an ancient Islamic shrine in Jerusalem. It is one of the oldest and most sacred sites for Muslims and Jews. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik built the Dome of the Rock in the late 7th century CE. It is believed to be the place where the prophet Muhammad ascended …
The Guggenheim Museum, an iconic architectural landmark located on New York City’s Fifth Avenue, stands as a testament to the brilliance of famed American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Commissioned by Hilla Rebay in 1943 and officially opening to the public in October 1959, six months after Wright’s demise, the museum’s construction marked the inception of …
The Leaning Tower of Pisa, an iconic architectural landmark in the Piazza dei Miracoli in Pisa, Italy, has a storied history dating back to its construction, which commenced in August 1173. Originally intended as the bell tower for the Cathedral of Pisa, the building is a testament to Romanesque architecture, featuring characteristic elements such as …
The Chrysler Building, an iconic Art Deco skyscraper in New York City, was built in 1930 by architect William Van Alen for Walter P. Chrysler, founder of the Chrysler Corporation. The building stands at 1,046 feet (319 meters) with 77 floors, and it held the title of the world’s tallest building before being surpassed by …
Burj Khalifa, formerly Burj Dubai, is an iconic architectural marvel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It currently holds the title of the world’s tallest building and structure. The famous architectural firm Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill LLP (SOM) designed the tower which is characterized by its contemporary and minimalist architectural style. The structural engineering principles, such …
Architectural landmarks around the world serve as invaluable learning resources for architects. These famous buildings and structures tell stories of different times, cultures, and ideas in design. They show how architecture has changed and evolved, offering lessons in creativity and engineering. Some of these famous architectural landmarks have stood the test of time and inspire …
Westminster Abbey is an iconic Gothic church in London, England, that has witnessed many historic events and ceremonies since its foundation in the 10th century. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site and a royal peculiar under the monarch’s authority. It is also the burial place of more than 3,000 notable people, including kings, queens, …
The Sistine Chapel is a famous chapel in the Vatican City, the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church. It was built in the late 15th century by Pope Sixtus IV, who gave the name. The chapel is known for its magnificent frescoes covering the walls and ceiling. The frescoes depict scenes from the Bible and …
The Taj Mahal is a famous mausoleum complex in Agra, India, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century. It is one of the most outstanding examples of Mughal architecture, which combined Indian, Persian, and Islamic influences. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage site symbolizing India’s rich history and culture. The …
The Colosseum is a magnificent ancient amphitheater in Rome, Italy. It was built by the Flavian emperors between 70 and 96 AD as a gift to the Roman people and a symbol of their power and glory. The Colosseum could hold up to 80,000 spectators who enjoyed various forms of entertainment, such as gladiator fights, …
The Pantheon is one of Rome’s most impressive and influential buildings. It is a former Roman temple converted into a Catholic church in the 7th century. It is famous for its huge dome, the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world. The Pantheon is also a burial place for several important Italian figures, such as …
The One World Trade Center in New York City, part of the World Trade Center complex, is a significant architectural landmark embodying contemporary modernist architecture. It was designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and was constructed post-9/11 as a symbol of resilience and hope. One WTC showcases modernist elements with sleek glass …
The Space Needle in Seattle, Washington, is an iconic observation tower and an example of 20th-century futurist architecture. John Graham Jr. designed it for the 1962 Seattle World’s Fair. It is 603 feet (184 meters) and has a flying saucer-shaped top. The structure embodies Space Age aspirations, with an observation deck and a rotating restaurant …
Buckingham Palace, located in Central London, is an iconic neoclassical architectural landmark with a history. Originally built in 1703 as Buckingham House, it underwent significant transformations, including major renovations in 1825 under architect John Nash. The palace’s neoclassical features, such as symmetry, columns, and decorative elements, reflect the architectural style prevalent during its expansion. It …
The Empire State Building, a towering symbol of New York City, showcases the iconic Art Deco architectural style. Standing at 1,454 feet tall (443 meters), this 102-story skyscraper was constructed in a remarkable 410 days, ahead of schedule and under budget. The building’s exterior features a limestone facade, while the interior showcases Art Deco elements …
The Eiffel Tower, an iconic iron lattice structure in Paris, France, was designed by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel and his team for the 1889 World’s Fair. Standing at 1,062 feet (324 meters), the tower was constructed using 18,000 pieces of wrought iron and 2.5 million rivets. Originally an entrance arch for the exposition, the building later …
Brutalist architecture emerged in the 1950s as a reaction against the lightness and decoration of 1930s modernism. Instead, brutalism focused on the authenticity of materials like concrete, emphasizing their raw, sculptural qualities. The term “brutalism” comes from the French “béton brut,” meaning bare concrete. The style is characterized by simple, block-like forms and extensive use …
DLR Group is a global design firm that offers integrated services in architecture, engineering, interiors, planning, and more. The firm was founded in 1966 in Omaha, Nebraska, and has grown to have 30 offices worldwide. DLR Group is 100% employee-owned and committed to elevating the human experience through design. DLR Group has a rich history …
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, or SOM is a global firm that offers professional services in architecture, engineering, urban planning, and design. The firm was founded in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel Owings in Chicago and was later joined by engineer John Merrill in 1939. It has designed some of the world’s most iconic buildings …
HKS Inc. is a global design firm specializing in architecture, interior design, research, and urban planning. It was founded in 1939 by Harwood K. Smith, a painter and architect from Chicago. The firm has worked on projects such as the North Torrey Pines Living and Learning Neighborhood, the SoFi Stadium, and the Center for Health …
Atkins Architecture is a leading multinational consultancy firm, founded in 1938 and headquartered in London, with over 18,000 employees and 300 offices worldwide. It offers integrated services in architecture, engineering, design, project management, and consulting across transportation, infrastructure, energy, and urban planning sectors. Atkins is known for landmark projects like the Bahrain World Trade Center, …
AECOM Architecture is a division within the broader consulting firm with a history dating back to 1910. Originating as the Swiss Drilling Company and later evolving through various mergers and acquisitions, AECOM has grown into a global powerhouse in 150 countries. AECOM Architecture is central to this vast network, offering full architectural design services across …
Stantec Architecture operates within the global design and delivery firm Stantec Inc., offering a wide array of professional consulting services in planning, engineering, architecture, and more. The architecture practice integrates seamlessly with other Stantec disciplines with a collaborative approach, providing comprehensive design solutions across commercial, healthcare, education, and residential sectors. Stantec Inc. stands out for …
Jacobs Architecture is a globally recognized architectural practice known for its innovative design solutions and integrated approach to architecture. With over 1,000 partners, the firm has over 70 years of experience providing architectural solutions across various sectors. It is ranked highly in industry publications and has designed millions of square feet of space. The firm’s …
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and spaces that shape communities and cities. Around the world, there are many architecture firms that offer innovative and sustainable solutions for various sectors and clients. Jacobs Architecture is an international technical professional services firm that provides engineering, architecture, construction, and consulting solutions for various clients …
Snøhetta is a global design firm that works across various disciplines, including architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, graphic design, and art. The firm was founded in 1989 by a group of young architects and landscape architects who won an international competition to design the new Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt. Snøhetta, since then, has grown into …
Arup Group or simply Arup is a multidisciplinary architectural service provided by the multinational professional services firm founded in 1946 by engineer Ove Arup. Originally focused on structural engineering, Arup has expanded into a multi-disciplinary company offering engineering, architecture, planning, and advisory services for the built environment. Arup, founded in 1946 by Sir Ove Arup, …
Victorian architecture, flourishing during Queen Victoria’s reign (1837-1901), is characterized by its revival of various historical styles and elaborate ornamentation. This architectural style includes Gothic Revival, Italianate, Second Empire, and Queen Anne, among others. Key features of Victorian architecture include steeply pitched roofs, towers, turrets, bay windows, ornate woodwork, bright exterior paint, and wrap-around porches. …
Historical architecture encompasses various architectural styles and periods characterized by distinct characteristics, influences, and ambassadors. The characteristics of historical architecture vary depending on the period and style. From the grandeur of classical columns and symmetrical designs to the intricate detailing of Gothic arches and ribbed vaults, historical architecture reflects the craftsmanship and architectural principles of …
